In this post I’ll talk about curvature, what terms such as flat, positive and negative curvature mean and how this applies to the Universe. I won’t use complex mathematical definitions here, but intuitively curvature is a measure of how much a two-dimensional surface deviates from being flat. This concept can be extended to any number… Continue reading Is the Universe curved?
Category: Cosmology
A Cyclical Universe
Updated 17 December 2025 In The End of the Universe I remarked on the surprising similarity between conditions in the very early Universe, just after the Big Bang, and the far future of the Universe. In this post I’ll give an overview of Roger Penrose’s model of the Universe in which it passes endlessly through… Continue reading A Cyclical Universe
The End of the Universe
In the Universe's far future, star formation will cease, and it will contain white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. Over immense timescales, stellar remnants will decay, and black holes will evaporate through Hawking radiation. Ultimately, the Universe will consist solely of low-energy photons and dark energy, mirroring its early state.
Roger Penrose – Cycles of Time
Updated 18 December 2025 In another post I talk in more detail about conformal cyclical cosmology (CCC). Roger Penrose's model of the Universe where it passes endlessly through a possibly infinite number of cycles (or aeons) each of which starts with a big bang and ends with a rapidly expanding empty universe. This fascinating idea… Continue reading Roger Penrose – Cycles of Time
Our finely-tuned Universe part III – Explanations for fine tuning
Updated 26 November 2025 As discussed previously our Universe appears to be very finely tuned and is governed by four fundamental interactions. A relatively small increase or decrease in the strength of one of these interactions, such as making the force of gravity weaker or stronger, would make the emergence of life impossible. The four… Continue reading Our finely-tuned Universe part III – Explanations for fine tuning
Explaining Science 