In this post I’ll talk about curvature, what terms such as flat, positive and negative curvature mean and how this applies to the Universe. I won’t use complex mathematical definitions here, but intuitively curvature is a measure of how much a two-dimensional surface deviates from being flat. This concept can be extended to any number… Continue reading Is the Universe curved?
Tag: Cosmology
A Cyclical Universe
Updated 17 December 2025 In The End of the Universe I remarked on the surprising similarity between conditions in the very early Universe, just after the Big Bang, and the far future of the Universe. In this post I’ll give an overview of Roger Penrose’s model of the Universe in which it passes endlessly through… Continue reading A Cyclical Universe
The End of the Universe
In the Universe's far future, star formation will cease, and it will contain white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. Over immense timescales, stellar remnants will decay, and black holes will evaporate through Hawking radiation. Ultimately, the Universe will consist solely of low-energy photons and dark energy, mirroring its early state.
Roger Penrose – Cycles of Time
Updated 18 December 2025 In another post I talk in more detail about conformal cyclical cosmology (CCC). Roger Penrose's model of the Universe where it passes endlessly through a possibly infinite number of cycles (or aeons) each of which starts with a big bang and ends with a rapidly expanding empty universe. This fascinating idea… Continue reading Roger Penrose – Cycles of Time
Our finely-tuned Universe part II – Examples of fine tuning
Updated 26 November 2025 In a previous post I talked about the four forces which govern the way the Universe works. I’m now going to give some examples of fine tuning. How different our Universe would be if these four forces had very different relative strengths. Summary of the Four Forces The Universe is governed… Continue reading Our finely-tuned Universe part II – Examples of fine tuning
Explaining Science 