Welcome
Welcome to the latest post from the Science Geek. This post, which is part of a series on the Moon, discusses manned exploration of the Moon. I hope you enjoy reading it and, as always, please let me know if you have any comments.
I would also like, once again, to thank Mrs Geek without whose editing the blog would be full of typos and poor grammar.
Background
On 21 May 1961 President John F Kennedy made the following address to the United States Congress:
“I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important in the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.”
President J F Kennedy giving his address on May 25 1961- Image from NASA
At the time, which was in the middle of the cold war between the West and the Soviet bloc, the Soviet Union had a clear lead in space exploration and had achieved three notable firsts:
- The first satellite in orbit, Sputnik 1, in October 1957
- The first spacecraft to photograph the far side of the Moon, Lunik 3, in October 1959
- The first man in space, Yuri Gagarin, in April 1961.
By achieving this goal of landing a man on the moon, which was incredibly ambitious given that in May 1961 America has not yet place a man in orbit, the United States would show to the whole world that it had gained supremacy over the Soviet Union in space exploration.
Why the Moon?
The Moon is our nearest neighbour in space, and Kennedy was advised that, given sufficient investment by the richest country in the world, a manned landing could be be achieved before 1970. There was also a good chance that, given the amount of resources needed to develop and test the new technologies needed, the Soviets would not be able to do it by this date. The Soviet Union simply could not afford to spend so much money in such a short time.
The American Manned Space Program (1961 to 1969)
To achieve Kennedy’s goal, the American government funded the largest commitment every undertaken by a nation in peacetime. At its peak the programme employed nearly half a million people and its total cost (in 2014 dollars) was around $130 billion.
Apollo 11 Mission July 1969
All this effort came to successful fruition on July 20 1969, when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first men to land on the moon. When Armstrong stepped out of the spacecraft he said the immortal words:
That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.
The event was shown on live TV to a worldwide audience of over 1 billion, almost a third of the population of the Earth at that time. As a young child I was one of those billion people but not Mrs Geek, as it was past her bedtime (she was five years old).
Apollo 11 Astronaut Buzz Aldrin on the Moon -Image from NASA
The astronauts planted the United States flag on the lunar surface in view of the TV camera. Some time later, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission which Nixon called “the most historic phone call ever made from the White House.”
In total the astronauts spent 2.5 hours on the lunar surface, during which time they gathered around 25 kg of moon rock. These samples would be studied by scientists over the forthcoming years and would provide new insights into the origin of the Moon.
They left behind on the Moon’s surface scientific instruments that included an array of mirrors used to calculate the distance between the Moon and the Earth, and a seismometer used to measure moon quakes.
On their return to Earth, the astronauts were treated as heroes – but they also had to spend three weeks in quarantine, just in case they had picked up any strange and potentially dangerous diseases on in the Moon. After that they went on a world tour in September and October, and met many prominent leaders, such as Queen Elizabeth II.
Subsequent Missions
After Apollo 11 there were five further successful missions to the Moon (Apollos 12,14, 15, 16 and 17) plus one unsuccessful mission Apollo 13, which you may well know about from the Hollywood movie of the same name. The diagram below shows all the Apollo landing sites.
The Apollo landing sites (Image from Soerfm)
All the landings were on the near side, as it would have been far too risky to land on the far side of the Moon, where they would have been out of direct contact from the Earth.
The later missions involved the astronauts having progressively longer and longer stays on the Moon. For the final mission, Apollo 17, the astronauts stayed on the surface for three days and performed three separate moonwalks.
During the final three missions the astronauts used an electric-powered moon buggy to allow them to travel longer distances on the Moon – about twenty miles away from the lunar module – and thus gather rock samples from more varied sites.
The Lunar Rover or “Moon Buggy” -Image from NASA
The End of the Apollo Program
After the successful landing of Apollo 11, watched by such a huge proportion of Earth’s inhabitants, public interest in the Moon program started to wane and the US government quickly came under pressure to reduce the spending on manned space exploration. The last three Apollo missions which should have taken place in 1973 and 1974 were cancelled.
Another victim of the spending cuts was the Moon base, which NASA had been hoping to build on the Moon in around 1980. This Moon base would gradually be extended, over the following years and decades, until it became a fully fledged lunar colony. The intention was that one day people would actually live on the Moon, but these plans were brought to a halt in the early 1970s, purely because of the cost. Not only that, but for the last 42 years no astronaut has ventured more than a few hundred miles above the surface of the Earth.
Artist’s impression of a moon base -Image from NASA
When will humans next go to the moon ?
I think it is unlikely that the next astronauts to set foot on the Moon will be from America. NASA has no plans to go to the Moon within the next decade, because there is little political will or drive to do it. It is unlikely that Congress would provide the funding, especially as NASA is already committed to supporting the International Space Station until at least 2020, which will reduce the money available for other manned space missions.
I think the next humans to set foot on the Moon will be from China, in around the year 2025. China has its own ambitious manned space programme, and has recently landed an unmanned probe on the Moon, which is exploring the Moon as I am writing this post.
In fact, there is so much to say about Chinese plans to explore space that I will deal with this in far more detail in my next post.
Explaining Science 