These are some of my cosmology posts
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The long summer evenings
This post talks about two interesting effects to do with the way it get dark after the Sun has set. The first one, which anyone who has travelled to places lying at different latitudes will have seen, is that the closer you are to the equator the quicker it gets dark after the Sun has…
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What Went Wrong with the Schiaparelli Mars landing
The Schiaparelli probe tragically failed to land on Mars due to its parachute malfunctioning, resulting in a crash at high speed. Despite this setback for the European Space Agency, the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter remains successful, set to study methane in the Martian atmosphere, making the overall mission worthwhile.… Continue reading What Went Wrong with…
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Schiaparelli’s landing on Mars
The Schiaparelli Spacecraft tragically failed to land on Mars, crashing at 300 km/h. Launched on March 14, 2016, with the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, it aimed to study Martian surface conditions. It only planned to be operational for a week because it lacked solar panels, relying solely on a non-rechargeable battery.… Continue reading Schiaparelli’s landing…
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The Three Phases of Twilight Explained
Updated 10 January 2026 Watching the Sun set below the horizon and the sky gradually get darker and darker is an almost magical experience. Twilight is that time of the day, just after sunset, or just before sunrise when the Sun is below the horizon but the sky is not completely dark. It is valued by…
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How the Cosmic Microwave Background Changed Our Understanding of the Universe
Updated 4 February 2026 As The accidental discovery of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) by Penzias and Wilson in 1964 proved to be one of the greatest scientific discoveries of the early twentieth century and since then has made a huge contribution to our understanding of the Universe. One of the first things it achieved…
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The Discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background
Revised 1 February 2026 In 1964 two young American radio astronomers, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, made an accidental finding which would win them both the Nobel prize and turned out to be one of the greatest scientific discoveries of the twentieth century. The story started when Penzias and Wilson were given observing time on a large radio telescope at…
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The Perseids
For revised post containing more tips on how to view the Perseids see The Perseids 2021. On 12 August you may be lucky enough – if it’s a clear night and you are somewhere without too much light pollution – to see a phenomenon called the Perseids, which is a meteor shower which appears at…
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July 8 2011- The Final Mission
On 8 July 2011 Atlantis took off for the final 13 day mission of the Space Shuttle programme and it remains to this day the last American spacecraft to carry humans into orbit. The landing of Atlantis on 21 July 2011, which brought the Space Shuttle programme to a close – Image from NASA. Development of…
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Mission Juno
On 4 July 2016 the NASA spacecraft Juno will arrive at Jupiter after a 5 year journey. It will be the ninth space probe to visit the planet. The first was Pioneer 10, which flew past in December 1973, (see notes). Juno will go into an orbit around the planet which will take it close to its poles.…
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June 20- The Solstice
The June solstice will fall on June 20 or June 21 this year, depending on where you are in the world. It is the longest day in the northern hemisphere and the day when the Sun is at its highest in the midday sky (see note). The origin of the word solstice is from the Latin words sol,…
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